Quality of Life in Nigeria Free Essays

The term ‘quality of life’ (QOL) alludes to the general prosperity of people and social orders. The term is utilized in a wide scope of settings, including the fields of universal turn of events, medicinal services, and governmental issues. â€Å"Warren Buffett, likely the world’s best financial specialist, has said that anything great that transpired could be followed back to the way that he was conceived in the correct nation, the United States, at the ideal time (1930)†. We will compose a custom article test on Personal satisfaction in Nigeria or on the other hand any comparable theme just for you Request Now None of us has a state in where he is conceived, yet we can take care of business for our youngsters. I along these lines wish to examine each factor related with personal satisfaction as identified with Nigeria and argue for proposals from us all on the most proficient method to enhance them in order to make this nation a decent spot for us to live: * Material prosperity as estimated by GDP per head: The (GDP) or gross local salary (GDI) is one of the proportions of national pay and yield. Gross domestic product can be characterized in three different ways, which should give indistinguishable outcomes. In the first place, it is equivalent to the absolute uses for every last great and administrations delivered inside the nation in a predetermined timeframe (normally a 365-day year). Second, it is equivalent to the whole of the worth included at each phase of creation by all the businesses, in addition to charges and less sponsorships on items. Third, it is equivalent to the aggregate of the pay created by creation like remuneration of representatives, burdens on creation and imports less endowments, and gross working overflow. The (GDP) proportions of national salary and yield for a given country’s economy. The total national output (GDP) is equivalent to the all out uses for every last great and administrations delivered inside the nation in a specified timeframe. The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in Nigeria was worth 243. 98 billion US dollars in 2011. The GDP estimation of Nigeria speaks to 0. 39 percent of the world economy. Gross domestic product in Nigeria is accounted for by the World Bank. Verifiably, from 1961 until 2011, Nigeria GDP arrived at the midpoint of 50. 07 USD Billion arriving at an unequaled high of 243. 98 USD Billion in December of 2011 and a record low of 4. 40 USD Billion in December of 1961. This is low when contrasted with 14. 99 USD Trillion of United States in 2011. * Life hope during childbirth: Future during childbirth demonstrates the quantity of years a baby would live if winning examples of mortality at the hour of its introduction to the world were to remain the equivalent for an amazing duration. At the end of the day, it contains the normal number of years to be lived by a gathering of individuals conceived around the same time, if mortality at each age stays consistent later on. The section incorporates ‘total population’ just as the ‘male’ and ‘female’ parts. Future during childbirth is additionally a proportion of by and large personal satisfaction in a nation and sums up the mortality at all ages. It can likewise be thought of as showing the possible rate of profitability in human capital and is important for the count of different actuarial measures. It is evaluated to be 52. 05 years for complete populace, 48. 95 years for male and 55. 53 years for female (2012 assessments) in Nigeria. This is low when contrasted with 78 years in Qatar for instance. * The nature of family life, in view of on separate from rates: Family personal satisfaction alludes to the degree to which families’ needs are met, relatives partake in their coexistence, and relatives get an opportunity to do the things that are imperative to them. The five spaces of family personal satisfaction are passionate prosperity, child rearing, family cooperation, physical/material prosperity, and handicap related help. * The condition of political opportunity: Political opportunity is depicted as a relationship liberated from mistreatment or intimidation; the nonattendance of handicapping conditions for an individual and the satisfaction of empowering conditions; or the nonappearance of lived states of impulse, e. g. financial impulse, in a general public. It can likewise allude to the positive exercise of rights, limits and opportunities for activity, and the activity of social or gathering rights. The idea can likewise incorporate opportunity from â€Å"internal† imperatives on political activity or discourse (e. g. social similarity, consistency, or â€Å"inauthentic† conduct. ). The idea of political opportunity is firmly associated with the ideas of common freedoms and human rights, which in law based social orders are typically managed lawful insurance from the state. * Job security (estimated by the joblessness rate): Job security is the likelihood that an individual will keep their activity; a vocation with a significant level of employer stability is to such an extent that an individual with the activity would have a little possibility of getting jobless. Professional stability is reliant on economy, winning business conditions, and the individual’s individual abilities. It has been discovered that individuals have more employer stability in the midst of financial extension and less in the midst of a downturn. Likewise, a few laws, (for example, the U. S. Social liberties Act of 1964) reinforce employer stability by making it unlawful to terminate workers for specific reasons. Joblessness rate is a decent pointer of employer stability and the condition of the economy and is followed by financial analysts, government authorities, and banks. Normally, government employments and employments in training, social insurance and law implementation are viewed as secure while private part employments are for the most part accepted to extend to bring down employment opportunity security and it as a rule shifts by industry, area, occupation and different components. Individual factors, for example, instruction, work understanding, work useful zone, work industry, work area, and so forth , assume a significant job in deciding the requirement for an individual’s administrations, and effects their own professional stability. Since professional stability relies upon having the important abilities and experience that are popular by bosses, which thus rely upon the predominant monetary condition and business condition, people whose administrations are sought after by managers will in general appreciate higher employer stability. Somewhat, employer stability additionally fluctuates by business laws of every nation. A specialist in Continental Europe, whenever got some information about his employer stability, would answer by naming the sort of legal work contract he has, extending from brief (no professional stability) to inconclusive (essentially identical to ‘tenure’ n US colleges however over the entire economy). Notwithstanding, people’s professional stability in the long run relies upon whether they are employable or not, and if organizations have a requirement for their aptitudes or not, so in spite of the fact that business laws can offer some help and fence from joblessness hazard , they just have a minor commitment to employer stability of people. Reality is, people need to have the correct range of abilities to have great job security. | * Climate (estimated by two factors: the normal deviation of least and greatest month to month temperatures from 14 degrees Celsius; and the quantity of months in the year with under 30mm precipitation): Environmental change represents a wide scope of dangers to populace wellbeing †dangers that will increment in future decades, frequently to basic levels, if worldwide environmental change proceeds on its present direction. The three principle classes of wellbeing dangers include: (I) direct-acting impacts (e. g. because of warmth waves, enhanced air contamination, and physical climate fiascos), (ii) impacts interceded by means of atmosphere related changes in natural frameworks and connections (e. g. rop yields, mosquito biology, marine profitability), and (iii) the more diffuse (backhanded) results identifying with impoverishment, uprooting, asset clashes (e. g. water), and post-debacle emotional wellness issues. Environmental change in this way takes steps to slow, end or converse universal advancement towards lessening kid under-nourishment, passings from diarrheal ailments and the spread of different irresistible ailments. Environmental change acts prevalently by fueling the current, frequently gigantic, medical issues, particularly in the less fortunate pieces of the world. Current varieties in climate conditions as of now have numerous antagonistic effects on the soundness of destitute individuals in creating countries, and these too are probably going to be ‘multiplied’ by the additional worries of environmental change. A changing atmosphere consequently influences the essentials of populace wellbeing: clean air and water, adequate food, regular limitations on irresistible ailment specialists, and the ampleness and security of sanctuary. A hotter and progressively factor atmosphere prompts more significant levels of some air poisons and increasingly visit extraordinary climate occasions. It builds the rates and scopes of transmission of irresistible ailments through messy water and sullied food, and by influencing vector living beings, (for example, mosquitoes) and middle of the road or store have species that harbor the irresistible operator, (for example, steers, bats and rodents). Changes in temperature, precipitation and irregularity bargain horticultural creation in numerous areas, including the absolute least created nations, along these lines imperiling kid wellbeing and development and the general wellbeing and practical limit of grown-ups. As warming continues, the seriousness (and maybe recurrence) of climate related catastrophes will expand †and seems to have done as such in various districts of the world in the course of recent decades. Accordingly, in rundown, an Earth-wide temperature boost, along with resultant changes in food and water supplies, can in a roundabout way cause increments in a scope of unfavorable wellbeing results, including lack of healthy sustenance, looseness of the bowels, wounds, cardiovascular and respiratory ailments, and water-borne and creepy crawly transmitted infections. Wellbeing value and environmental change majorly affect human wellbeing and personal satisfaction, and are interlinked in various ways. The report of the WHO Commission on Social Determinants of Health calls attention to that impeded

The history of the number zero Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The historical backdrop of the number zero - Research Paper Example For example, the numbers 2011 and 211 speak to two distinct numbers and have totally unique sense. Also, zero is utilized in its structure as a number itself for example 0. Both the previously mentioned employments of zero have been exceedingly significant. However, the two above portrayed employments of zero can't report verifiable proof of production of zero. It would not have been so natural for the term and thought behind the creation of the number to be generally acknowledged and utilized. The number and term zero has not been unexpectedly inferred idea. It took an immense period to build up the idea and utilization of zero as a name and an image (O'Connor and Robertson, 2000). Zero as a number, image and an idea has been without a doubt significant and is known perhaps worldwide for its noteworthy use. The acknowledgment, anxiety and working of zero has been the basic of the world since today, zero satisfies a key job in science as the genuine numbers, added substance personali ty of the whole numbers, and a ton of other logarithmic structures. Furthermore, the idea of zero can be utilized in analytics, bookkeeping, fund, measurements, PCs, and especially in the present associated world. The advancement of zero from being just a placeholder to the driver of math has crossed hundreds of years, and included assorted and broadly extraordinary intellectual deduction, both in degree and extension comprehensively (Kaplan and Seife, 2002). As an idea, zero shows ‘nothing’ or ‘naught’. â€Å"How would nothing be able to be something?† is an inquiry that antiquated Greeks posed to themselves. Records have demonstrated that they were by all accounts unsure about the understanding of zero as a number. The creation and status of zero has prompted philosophical and strict contentions by Middle-ages (Bourbaki, 1998). Truly, today’s Arabic number framework has started in India, yet is similarly recently evolved. From the earliest s tarting point, individuals have been naming sums and measures with an assortment of figures and images all through hundreds of years, while confronting challenges in performing most basic number-crunching calculations with those number frameworks. An including framework had been first evolved by the Sumerians as they needed to stamp and keep the records of the amounts of their merchandise, for example, steers, ponies, and jackasses. The disadvantage with respect to the Sumerian framework was that the framework was positional which implies that the situating of a particular image when contrasted with others meant its worth. Around 2500 BC, Akkadians passed on The Sumerian framework and in 2000 BC, the equivalent was finished by the Babylonians. The advancement of zero appears to have started from the Babylonians which has crossed may hundreds of years and was altogether different from the image know to us today. Babylonians were the first to ideate an imprint to make it understood th at a number had been absent from a segment. For example, 0 in the number 2011 communicates that there are no hundreds in that number. At that point zero didn't have any image to indicate the space. Albeit Ancient Greeks have brought numerous renowned mathematicians who took in the essential standards of their science from the Egyptians and they had a number framework, however that framework did not have a placeholder like the one of Babylonians so they couldn't recommend a name to show that vacant space. They may have examined the name to signify that place between numbers, yet there is no such proof to make inference that the image even

Its Springtime at SIPA (and Columbia)! COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

It’s Springtime at SIPA (and Columbia)! COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog The following was prepared by SIPA student Joshua Huneycutt, a second year MIA student concentrating in Energy and Environmental Policy. _________________ To accompany the lengthening days and shedding of layers that takes place in Morningside Heights around this time of year, the SIPA and Columbia communities stage a number of fun events to coax students out of their study caves (i.e. Lehman Library)and into the spring air. (Weird Flowering Branch Tree on Columbia Campus) On SIPA’s home turf, the spring fun typically kicks off with the annual SIPA BBQ.   This year‘s “Business Cards and BBQ” theme encourages SIPA students to get to know each other better via SIPA students’ favorite pastime â€" networking! Here, kegs of beer and grilled meats (and veggie burgers) kick off the season of sitting in SIPA’s terrace in the sun, and continuing the fun, and postponing the pain of tackling term papers and exams, SIPA stages its premiere entertainment event â€" Follies â€" the following day. An age-old tradition, this variety show parodies the school’s quirks and foibles through musical numbers, songs, skits, and [plenty of videos (link: http://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=sipa+folliesaq=f).   And if this wasn’t enough keep SIPA students going, the annual SIPA Gala (or SIPA Prom as it’s commonly known) takes place the following week, typically in a stunning venue with a top-shelf open bar to fuel the dancefloor. If you’re burnt out on SIPA events, there are plenty of other things happening on campus.       This year’s annual “Bacchanal” party on Columbia’s main quad will feature none other than Wu-Tang’s own Ghostface Killah and psych popsters Of Montreal.   The following day, Barnard College’s radio hosts a more indie and metal-oriented day of free music and food, the WBAR-B-Q (link: http://www.wbar.org/).   The dark synth-pop stylings of Cold Cave and brutal black metal of the Columbia alum-led Liturgy surely warrant a visit by Columbia and NYC music lovers alike. (Vampire Weekend performs at Bacchanal 2009) So while you might not be in the area for this year’s SIPA spring, rest assured that if you end up spending two years in these hallowed halls, the typical drudgery of exam season can end up being, well, kind of fun.

The Flaw of Hamlets Antic Disposition Essay - 743 Words

Hamlets antic disposition of pretending to become crazy so that he can take revenge of his fathers death was a bad plan. The situations in the play that prove that Hamlets antic disposition was a bad plan are the death of his friend Ophelia, his fighting with his mother, trying to fool the King and Polonius, his own downfall and finally his death. All this situations illustrate why Hamlet?s antic disposition was a bad plan. Hamlet?s antic disposition was the main reason why Ophelia committed suicide and why Hamlet fought with his mother. Hamlet believed that if he showed no more feelings for Ophelia and showed hatred and cruelty for his mother, people and particularly the King and Polonius would believe that he has truly gone†¦show more content†¦Similarly, Hamlet?s antic disposition towards his mother is illustrated by the quotation, Soft, now to my mother. O heart, lose not thy nature, let not ever the soul of Nero enter this form bosom. Let me be cruel, not unnatural, I will speak daggers to her, but use none.?In both of these situations, Hamlet?s antic disposition caused him no gain but resulted in a significant loss. Hamlet believed that if the King and Polonius thought that he was truly crazy, he would be able to kill the King without any problem and take revenge of his father?s death. Hamlet?s efforts were a complete failure as the King did not fall for his trick but become more worried and cautious of Hamlet. As a result the King wanted to send Hamlet away to England in the care of Rosencrantz and Guildenstern, as he feared him as per the quotation I like him not, nor stands it safe with us to let his madness range. Therefore prepares you. I your commission will forth with dispatch, and he to England shall along with you.? Polonius also suspected that Hamlet was not crazy but only acting as per the quotation Though this be madness, yet there is method in?t. These situations also clearly indicate that Hamlet?s antic disposition was not successful, as it did not fool the King nor Polonius, the two people Hamlet wanted to fool and take revenge on. The greatest loss of Hamlet?s antic disposition was his own downfall and the loss of his own life. Hamlet?s downfallShow MoreRelatedHamlet as a Tragic Hero2505 Words   |  11 Pagesresponsible for his own fate and Hamlet has been endowed with a tragic flaw. These character traits and distinctiveness make Hamlet a Tragic Hero. Firstly, one of the defining traits of a tragic hero is that he or she is responsible for their own fate. Hamlet has chosen to believe the Ghost and attempt to prove that Claudius did, in fact, murder King Hamlet. Hamlet has chosen to invite danger and he has chosen to put on an antic disposition. To begin, Hamlet was not totally convinced about what the GhostRead MoreHamlet : William Shakespeare s Hamlet991 Words   |  4 Pagesleft to decide his/her own interpretation of him — whether he is evil and insane, if he’s a tragic hero, or if he is a victim of circumstances beyond his control. A man of radical contradictions, Hamlet’s character remains one of the most ambiguous in American literature. One interpretation is that Hamlet’s inner turmoil is responsible for his insanity. Shattered by his father’s murder and his mother’s remarriage to his uncle, Hamlet left utterly distraught and sorrowful. Tis not alone my inky cloakRead More Hamlets Madness Essay1648 Words   |  7 PagesHamlets Madness Is Hamlet Mad? Not Likely. Madness is a condition of the mind which eliminates all rational thought leaving an individual with no proper conception of what is happening around him/her. 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Often, they will both exhibit the use of deceiving behaviours to fool others around them to try and cover more profound intentions. Although Tony Montana’s and Hamlet’s desires differ in purpose, the protagonist’s major flaws within their behaviours end up both tragic in consequence. To give a background on Tony Montana’s deportation from Cuba to the sunny coast of Miami, Scarface opens with a prelude as a literary device. Hamlet begins onRead MoreHamlet : Revenge, Uncertainty, And Madness1252 Words   |  6 PagesHamlet is one of William Shakespeare’s tragedy play surrounded with three major themes: Revenge, Uncertainty, and Madness. Throughout the play, the theme Madness is surrounding the protagonist, Hamlet. Although, nowadays, Hamlet’s madness is still an enigma to the readers. His words and actions are highly debated whether he is deeply submerged in the sea of madness or he is merely acting. According to the Merriam Webster Dictionary, madness is â€Å"the state of having serious mental sickness, or showingRead MoreHamlet : A Tragic Hero995 Words   |  4 Pagesdebated on which interpretation is correct. Some of these included even the basis of the character’s persona. In the Shakespearean tragedy Hamlet, the main protagonist , Prince Hamlet, is fated by the ghost of his late father that, because of his tragic flaw of procrastination, leads him to his self-destruction which deems him a tragic hero. For characters to be considered a tragic hero, they must first be destined by the gods or any other form of the supernatural. In the first act of Hamlet, the GhostRead MoreEssay on Hamlet as a Tragic Hero in William Shakespeares Play748 Words   |  3 Pages a tragic hero must fall through his own error. This is typically called the tragic flaw and can be applied to any characteristic that causes the downfall of a hero. Hamlet can be seen as a aristotelian tragedy and hamlet as its tragic hero. Hamlets flaw, which in accordance with Aristotles principles of tragedy causes demise, is his inability to act. This defect of hamlets character is displayed throughout the play. In the opening scences of the play, theRead MoreThe Human Condition and Ideologies in Hamlet by Willliam Shakespeare1522 Words   |  7 Pagesexplores the complexity of the human condition by reflecting ideologies such as justice, loyalty and morality. Although these deeply human ideas ensure the plays resonance, they are somewhat secondary to the depths of Hamlet’s human struggle. These thematic concerns reflect how flaws in the values of society descend into corruption. Through an exploration of the characterization, Shakespeare invites a re-evaluation of the values that shape human nature. The textual integrity of Hamlet makes it ofRead MoreHamlet And Laertes - A Revenge Tragedy1248 Words   |  5 Pagesand Laertes wants to kill Hamlet. While Hamlet and Laertes share similar experiences when avenging their fathers’ death, they seek vengeance in a disparate manner. The reason they wanted to revenge their father, the way they seek revenge, and the flaws they devel oped when revenging their father are dissimilar. Hamlet and Laertes both lose their father in a similar manner, but the purpose for their revenge is different. Hamlet wants revenge because he loves his father. After King Hamlet dies, Hamlet

Egypt And Mesopotamia Similarities - 1368 Words

Both Egyptian and Mesopotamian Views of Living Egypt is a country found on the northeast corner of Africa. While Mesopotamia is found between the two rivers Tigris and Euphrates in the western part of the Middle East. Both of these countries share the Mediterranean Sea. Even though in distance they did not seem far apart they had similarities, and differences in their two cultures. Both Egypt and Mesopotamia had unique religions, writing systems, literature, scientific achievements, art, and intricate architecture. The Egyptians and the Mesopotamians both had unique ways of worshiping, and going about their own religion. Both believed in deities, and both were polytheistic. Polytheistic is the belief of â€Å"many gods and goddesses †¦ and†¦show more content†¦Thus to keep the â€Å"gods happy† the Mesopotamian people often did actions and followed rules given by the king, in order to please the gods. Egyptian people also believed that their pharaohs were gods, and they were saw their â€Å"society as sacr ed†(18). Therefor Egyptians made it a priority to please the pharaoh since he â€Å"could venerate any deity he pleased† (18). Egyptian religion was unique in the fact that they believed in an afterlife. In the Old Kingdom of Egypt immortality was originally for kings, later it was given to nobles and other assistants to the kings. â€Å"Later, immortality was apparently opened to all Egyptians† (18). Egyptians viewed the afterlife as a â€Å"carefree continuation of earthly existence†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (18). Egyptians developed a new type of religion which was the first of its kind when it was thought of. This religion based was formally called henotheism which was the â€Å"worship of one god without denying the existence of the other gods†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (18). Like other religions that are practiced today Egyptians sang hymns to praise their gods. Sumerians which were the people that lived in Mesopotamia created a simply way to record information and laws written by officials. Their earliest system of communication was through pictograms which were pictures that represent objects. Then came the ideograms which were â€Å"pictures drawn to represent ideas or concepts† (8). Later on the picture began to stand for a word rather than the object itShow MoreRelatedEgypt And Mesopotamia Similarities751 Words   |  4 Pages Mesopotamia and Egypt were both part of the creation of the worlds first civilizations. These countries shared many similarities and differences within their society, political structure, and their religions. Mesopotamian and Egypt both flourished near rivers in which enabled them to become an agricultural enriched society. While both civilizations had the advantage of the rivers, Egypt did not have the fertile hinterland that allowed Mesopotamia to excel in agriculture. Through a political standpointRead MoreEgypt And Mesopotamia Similarities984 Words   |  4 Pages In what ways were the civilizations of Mesopotamia and Egypt alike? In what ways were they different? What accounts for these similarities and differences? Mesopotamia and Egypt were the first known civilizations in history. While maintaining separate identities, they still managed to have a vast number of similarities. Differences that go beyond general location were also very prevalent between the two civilizations. One of the biggest similarities between the two civilizations is that theyRead MoreSimilarities Between Ancient Egypt And Mesopotamia951 Words   |  4 PagesAncient Egypt and Mesopotamia. However, because of the different geography, exposure to outside invasion, influence, and beliefs, Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia came to not only contrast in political and social structures but also share similarities in them as well. When it came to the development of Ancient Egyptian and Mesopotamian civilizations politics played a prominent role in structuring the very foundation of each respective civilization. For instance, when it came to Ancient Egypt there existedRead MoreSimilarities Between Ancient Egypt And Mesopotamia1131 Words   |  5 Pages Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia are a valuable area of historical research. This essay will focus on the differences and similarities in these societies economic, political, and cultural lives. As well as the circumstances the people of ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia faced. Agriculture Ancient Egyptian and Mesopotamian agricultural lives were very different due to their geographical situations, differences in technology, and developments. Only a small area of Egyptian land (the Delta and NileRead MoreSimilarities Between Ancient Mesopotamia And Egypt1101 Words   |  5 PagesDifferences and Similarities While describing the cultural among the people of Mesopotamia and Egypt, I learned the differences and similarities in culture. The birth of Mesopotamian Civilization began in c. 3000 B.C.E., in the valleys of the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers of Southwest Asia. Mesopotamia is a Greek word and it means ‘between the rivers.’ In contrast, the birth of Egyptian Civilization began in c. 3100 B.C.E., in a valley of the Nile River in Northeastern Africa. Egypt is a Greek wordRead MoreSimilarities Between Mesopotamia And Egypt1199 Words   |  5 PagesThe geographical location was an important factor in many of the ancient civilizations. Where the people settled determined whether they would have success at surviving. Both Mesopotamia and Egypt were ancient civilizations founded in roughly the same longitude and latitude area of the world. Hot dry areas full of dessert. What drew early civilizations to settle on these locations was the same for both places, land near water t hat was good for planting. What is different about each location isRead MoreSimilarities And Differences Between Ancient Egypt And Mesopotamia1125 Words   |  5 Pagesago there existed two main civilizations: Mesopotamia, between the Tigris and the Euphrates rivers, and Ancient Egypt along the Nile. Even though Ancient Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt were both advanced civilizations they had many differences such as their government, religion, as well as their trade and society. Mesopotamian culture thought negatively about its gods, and had conflict, cultural diffusion, and a decentralized government while Ancient Egypt thought highly of its gods, had a centralizedRead MoreEgypt and Mesopotamia: Similarities and Differences in Religion956 Words   |  4 Pagespessimistic outlook on life because of the unpredictability of their environment. The Egyptians, on the other hand, had an optimistic outlook because the Nile River inundated their region regularly, which could be predicted by the stars. The similarities and differences in the religions of these two regions may be attributable to the relative geographical isolationism of the two areas, which allowed them to develop without the influence of outside cultures. Both ancient cultures built sophisticatedRead MoreSimilarities in the Artwork of Mesopotamia, Ancient Egypt, the Aegean cultures, and Ancient Greece941 Words   |  4 Pages The artworks of Mesopotamia, Ancient Egypt, the Aegean cultures, and Ancient Greece have similarities that not only reflect objects and images, but also the media, style and representation. These countries were not always wealthy, clever, creative and powerful enough to gain supplies, but they all find a way to create art with what they had. They have all influenced on each other’s cultures and belief through their artistic values and ways, ranging from the materials and tools they use, positionRead MoreCompare and COntarst1518 Words   |  7 Pages Egypt and Mesopotamia have both similarities and differences, throughout both of these civilizations from back to 3,500 B.C. The political and social structures in these civilizations were different and the same in their own way. The political differences between Egypt and Mesopotamia included hierarchy power, land control, and centralized government. The similarities between both civilizations are social class, male patriarchy, and kings. Egypt and Mesopotamia both had differences of their political

The Client Maintenance Free Essays

Abstract This examination is done to watch that how extraordinary factors impacts the client maintenance. In this paper the survey was utilized as the gathering instrument. The possibility of this examination was obviously advised to the respondents. We will write a custom essay sample on The Client Maintenance or any similar topic only for you Order Now The exploration was done on 300 respondents through which 170 filled polls were returned. We have utilized the co connection examination and the relapse investigation. Unwavering quality examination was likewise done. Pearson co connection examination was utilized to test the created speculation. Through the discoveries we come to realize that Customer reliability have constructive outcome on the client maintenance. With the assistance of this investigation the conclusion and the future suggestions are said. Part # 01 1. Introduction 1.1 Background of theme Client maintenance in basic words is characterized as checking of the business that serves to measures how steadfast its clients are. Then again it is likewise characterized as keeping up the client towards their item (White and Yanamandram, 2004). Client maintenance is the principle objective for the organizations that aides in keeping up their business (Coviello , 2002).There are an expansive number of firms that are connected with the client maintenance . The organizations will undoubtedly anticipate the client maintenance to get the focused on result Kotler (2003). Client maintenance happens when the clients are completely happy with the administration gave by the inns (Grà ¸nhaug and Gilly,2001).On the other hand the clients are particularly faithful towards their image (lodging) and it brings about the client maintenance of that brand (Buttle, 2004). Every proprietor centers around the client maintenance to accomplish the greatest benefits and advantages (Dawkins and Reichheld, 2009). There are few examinations that clarify the impact of the diverse variables that impact the client maintenance in inns. This is especially simple for the clients to get disappointed with the offers administrations to them (Colgate and Lang, 2001; Colgate and Norris, 2001) 1.2 Purpose Of The Study The Main and preeminent reason for this examination is to discover the impact of the diverse factors on the client maintenance. 1.3 Research Objectives The essential targets for this article are as per the following: †¢ To find the impacts of the distinctive factors on the client maintenance. 1.4 Significance and extent of the investigation In this examination the principle critical of this is client maintenance is the fundamental activity for any business for the most extreme yield. This examination is done to clarify the connection between benefit quality, client unwaveringness, condition, consumer loyalty and client maintenance. This examination will assist the entrepreneurs with working on these variables in light of the fact that these elements are the fundamental need of the each client. Furthermore, with the assistance of this investigation the entrepreneurs can succeed their lodging business. This examination is additionally helpful for other comparable associations who are confronting the issues in keeping up their clients. 2. Writing Review 2.2 Customer Retention In relatively every business there is a factor of client maintenance. The brands attempt their best for the client maintenance. Numerous analysts have been done to discover the elements behind the client maintenance ( Levesque and McDougall,1996, p.14). All the main organizations of the world will undoubtedly comprehend the significance of the client maintenance Omotayo l, (2008). The client maintenance centers around the conduct of the redundancy, and it is likewise considered as especially near the brand steadfastness and buy goal ((Hennig-ThurauandKlee,2007). (Jones and Farquher, 2003). In numerous investigates the consumer loyalty and the client maintenance is taken or learned in the meantime since they both have the relationship. Through Customer maintenance and the consumer loyalty we can get to the client’s dependability and for this the client maintenance is contemplated profoundly. As indicated by Ennew and Binks (1996) there is a solid connection between the client maintenance and administration quality. Numerous specialists have likewise demonstrated the connection between the client maintenance and administration quality (Hennig-Thurau 1997) . Client maintenance is the fundamental factor for the key of accomplishment for any business. So every brand (inn) proprietor should center around the client maintenance. 2.3 Service Quality As indicated by Lenka et al. (2009) he characterizes the administration quality as ‘ it is the general examination of any administration gave by the organization, contrasting the execution of the firm of that administration with the general desires of the client. Who expect the administration (Ladhari, 2009) As per the examination of Jamal and Anastasiadou (2007) they guarantee that there are a few impacts of the administration quality on the client maintenance and the consumer loyalty. Administration quality is one of the primary factors that influence the client maintenance in the business. The brands ought to entirely center around the administration quality. Administration quality is particularly identified with the client maintenance. Numerous analysts demonstrated the positive effect of the administration quality on the client maintenance Cody and Hope (2009).In different words the administration quality is particularly important for any business uncommonly in lodging industry. 2.4 Customer Satisfaction As per Kotler(2000) Customer fulfillment on the opposite side it is additionally characterized as the it is the conduct of the client in the wake of buying the item . Consumer loyalty is characterized as † it is a term that is in the market that shows how items and administrations gave by the organization meets the desires of the client (Spreng, 2006). Then again consumer loyalty is likewise characterized as â€Å"the response of the clients in the wake of getting the administration as indicated by their desire and it brings about their inward fulfillment. It is additionally essential for the advertisers and the representative since it gives the way that they can use to enhance and upgrade their business. As per (Thai 2008) to the faithful clients winds up constant of their buying choice from a similar brand that outcomes in the consumer loyalty. At the point when there is the consumer loyalty subsequently additionally emerges the client maintenance that outcomes in the advantage for the lodging. The clients who buys consistently from a similar brand then they are very fulfilled from that brand (Lam , 2010).Customer fulfillment likewise brings about making the positive informal exchange for that business and it brings about the client maintenance (JonesandSuh,2000) . There are numerous specialists who center around the consumer loyalty to accomplish the consumer loyalty (Bontis 2007). 2.5 Customer Loyalty In basic words (Lenkaet, 2009 characterized the client reliability as when the client ends up ongoing of any brand, benefit, store, item then the factor of client unwaveringness emerges. On other hand (Jacoby) additionally characterized client dedication as â€Å"it is the non arbitrary conduct or reaction of the client that has been appeared after some time for settling on any choice regarding in excess of one elective brand. But Oliver (2009) condemned this definition and he says that the client dependability is the blend of three human conduct and the conduct are comprehension ,influence and behavioral intention.When the level of rivalry emerges then the client reliability is enormously checked. In the event that other brand gives the substitute brand in great quality and less value the client will desert towards that brand ( Lenka., 2009). Client devotion is the positive consequence of the client’s experience traits and the amount he is happy with the item. It might incorporate administration or an item. It is additionally characterized by the Jacoby that it is the aftereffect of regular purchasing of the client from a similar association. So client steadfastness is the principle factor of the client maintenance and it is particularly gainful for the monetary exercises of the business. Jacoby, and Chestnut, (1978) 2.6 Environment Nature is characterized as † the area or region that comprise of living or non-living things (Morgan and Daryle, 2007).I terms of business it is additionally characterized as he territory which is particularly appropriate or agreeable for the client. Here the region is taken as far as business or association. In business terms the earth assumes the principle part for the client maintenance and for the workers also .When nature of the organization will be especially cordial and agreeable for the clients then the clients will pull in towards that business and it will brings about the clients and which is particularly useful for the organization’s procuring and making the great picture in the market (Klee, 1997). So every association should center around the factor of condition to influence their clients to stay with their image. How to cite The Client Maintenance, Papers

Will The Da Vinci Code be still relevant in 2070

The cause of novel’s popularity Before we get to address the question of whether Dan Brown’s novel The Da Vinci Code would still be relevant by the year 2070, we will need to discuss what caused this novel to win instant favor with readers today. Even though some critics suggest that it was due to novel’s particularly high literary quality, we cannot subscribe to such a point of view.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Will The Da Vinci Code be still relevant in 2070? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More After all, novel’s plot appears unnecessarily overcomplicated, the situations that characters find themselves dealing with – unrealistic, and the characters – utterly predictable. For example, the character of Leigh Teabing does not only appear but also talks as if he was the incarnation of ‘Englishness’. Nevertheless, as we are all aware of – after having be en published, The Da Vinci Code became a bestseller within the matter of few days. How can it be explained? The reason why Brown’s novel was able to attain such popularity is that the motifs, contained in it, correspond to the unconscious anxieties, on the part of those for whom it was written – the dwellers of Western post-industrial megalopolises. In its turn, these anxieties derive out of the process of urbanites growing increasingly non-religious. Nowadays, the process of Western countries’ secularization became unstoppable. Even today, the number of native-born Westerners who consider themselves truly religious is best defined as utterly neglectable. The validity of this statement appears self-evident, once we assess the strength of people’s religiosity in countries that feature world’s highest standards of living – Denmark, Sweden and Norway. According to most recent sociological surveys, only 1% of these countries’ native-born citizens affiliate themselves with any religion, whatsoever. The reason for this is simple – people who enjoy a nice life, do not need some tribal God, with a lot of rules and little mercy, representing an integral part of their worldviews. One of the most important aspects of post-industrial living is the fact that such living becomes increasingly rationalistic. Nowadays, we are fully aware of the fact that, in order for an individual to attain prosperity, he or she would simply have to obtain good education and start working hard, as opposed to praying to Saint Mary, so that material riches would fall out of the sky, as many people in such ‘culturally rich’ but intellectually backward Catholic countries, as Mexico, Peru and Philippines do. It is namely Westerners’ tendency to rationalize life’s challenges, which explains why The Da Vinci Code connects with these people’s mode of existence – even before having been exposed to Brownâ⠂¬â„¢s novel, they felt that the story of Holy Ghost impregnating Saint Mary was nothing but the fairy tale of the worst kind.Advertising Looking for essay on american literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More People simply became tired of self-proclaimed ‘servants of God’ popularizing two thousand years old nonsense about talking donkeys, sun standing still in the sky and universe’s creation in six days, as the ‘word of God’. This was the reason why reading of The Da Vinci Code came to them like the breath of a fresh air. The significance of the novel and its future In his novel, Brown was able to confirm something that rationalistically minded citizens have been suspecting since long time ago – Jesus was just as sexual and mortal as we all are. As one of novel’s most prominent characters, Sir Teabing had put it: â€Å"A child of Jesus would undermine the critical notion of Ch rist’s divinity and therefore the Christian Church, which declared itself the sole vessel through which humanity could access the divine and gain entrance to the kingdom of heaven† (216). Today’s Christianity is best described as ‘dying’ religion, as opposed to the ‘alive’ religion of Islam, for example. What Brown achieved by publishing his novel, is depriving Christianity of the remains of its theological validity – hence, driving one of the last intellectual nails into this religion’s coffin. Therefore, we cannot agree with Catholic critics of The Da Vinci Code, who often refer to the plot of Brown’s novel as being based upon pseudo-historical speculations, and therefore – not worthy of readers’ attention. Apparently, it never occurred to Christian critics that, while referring to novel’s affiliation with the literary genre of fiction as the foremost proof to the sheer fallaciousness of the cl aims, contained in it, they actually contribute to promoting Brown’s cause even further – whatever the improbable it might sound. The reason for this is simple – while being encouraged to analyze what accounts for fictious motifs in The Da Vinci Code, readers are being simultaneously provoked to analyze what represents fictious motifs in the Bible. In his book, Dawkings (2006) had made a perfectly good point, while stating: â€Å"The only difference between The Da Vinci Code and the gospels is that the gospels are ancient fiction while The Da Vinci Code is modern fiction† (97). Despite the format of Brown’s novel, it does operate with a variety of historically proven facts, which Christians do not like discussing, simply because these facts leave very little doubt as to the Bible being anything but the actual ‘word of God’. For example, in his dialogue with the characters of Langdon and Sophie, Sir Teabing provides readers with the ins ight onto the fact that, before being incorporated into Christianity’s dogma, the divinity of Jesus was actually voted upon by attendees of Council of Nicaea (325 A.D.): â€Å"At this gathering (Council of Nicaea)†¦ many aspects of Christianity were debated and voted upon – the date of Easter, the role of the bishops, the administration of sacraments, and, of course, the divinity of Jesus† (199). In other words, Brown’s novel is in fact utterly effective, for as long as dismantling Christian myth is being concerned.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Will The Da Vinci Code be still relevant in 2070? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Thus, the significance of The Da Vinci Code should be discussed within the context of an overall process of Christianity’s desacralization. And, there are good reasons to believe that by the year 2070, this process will result in the status of Chri stianity being reduced from that of one of world’s most influential religions, to two thousand years old folklore of Jewish sheep herders. In very near future, science will become people’s ‘religion’, at least in Western countries. When this happens, Brown’s novel will be deprived of its actuality. After all, if someone today wrote a novel, aimed to expose ancient Greek god Zeus as such that never existed, it would be very unlikely for this novel to become a bestseller – people already know that. In a similar manner, since by the year 2070 just about everybody is going to be fully aware of the imaginary essence of Christian fables, this will result in Brown’s novel being deprived of its controversial appeal. Therefore, it would only be logical to hypothesize that by the year 2070, The Da Vinci Code will no longer be considered relevant, simply because by that time, the foremost idea contained in it (namely, Jesus being mortal and sexua l man), would be recognized as self-evident. References Brown, Dan. The Da Vinci Code. Sydney: Anchor Books, 2009. Print. Dawkings, Richard. The God Delusion. Toronto: Bantam Press, 2006. Print. This essay on Will The Da Vinci Code be still relevant in 2070? was written and submitted by user Madalyn N. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Overview of United States Relations With France

Overview of United States Relations With France Americas birth is intertwined with the involvement of France in North America. French explorers and colonies scattered across the continent. French military forces were indispensable for America ´s independence from Great Britain. And the purchase of the Louisiana Territory from France launched the United States on a path toward becoming a continental, and then global, power. The Statue of Liberty was a gift from France to the people of the United States. Prominent Americans such as Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, and James Madison have served as ambassadors or envoys to France. The American Revolution inspired supporters of the French Revolution of 1789. In World War II, U.S. forces were instrumental in freeing France from Nazi occupation. Later in the 20th Century, France drove the creation of the European Union in part to counter U.S. power in the world. In 2003, the relationship was in trouble when France declined to support U.S. plans to invade Iraq. The relationship healed somewhat again with the election of the pro-American ex-president  Nicholas Sarkozy  in 2007. Trade Some three million Americans visit France each year. The United States and France share deep trade and economic relations. Each country is among the others largest trading partners. The most high profile global economic competition between France and the United States is in the commercial aircraft industry. France, through the European Union, supports​ Airbus as a rival to American-owned​ Boeing. Diplomacy On the diplomatic front, both are among the founders of the United Nations, NATO, World Trade Organization, G-8, and a host of other international bodies. The U.S. and France remain as two of only five members of the United Nations Security Council with permanent seats and veto power over all council actions.

Book Design EVERYTHING You Need to Know

Book Design EVERYTHING You Need to Know Book Design: EVERYTHING You Need to Know Think book design is just about creating the perfect book cover? Think again. Just as a well-written novel relies on so many various story elements coming together just so, book design takes the various elements of a book - the words, pages, cover, spine, ink, everything - and turns it into a beautiful, cohesive unit that calls to readers and invites them in. A book needs to stand out for all the right reasons, which is why it’s important that whoever is designing the book understands what the market expects.This is not intended to intimidate you! No matter what your level of publishing experience is, this guide to book design is for you! We will cover all the different areas of this subject, starting with†¦ What are your biggest #bookdesign questions? Find answers here! Designing your book’s interiorDo you have any lingering questions about book design? Which aspects seem most challenging? Leave any questions or thoughts in the comments below, and we will continue updating this post with as answers!

Dance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 3

Dance - Essay Example According to Clive Barnes () called them the group the Israeli children of the American Dance. By having different directors at different times, the choreography kept changing time and again. This made some critics conclude that the dance group is probably popular due to their strengths but not their artistic frontiers. However, this changed from the year 1990 when Ohad Naharin was made the artistic director. He had started his dance career with the group and therefore was not a stagger to the group. He choreographed for the group and it was not long before he had a name for himself. With time this group won the hearts of many especially in North America where the group has taking several trips for the past eighteen years. Most of the dancers in this group are between the ages of eighteen to twenty four. The group has also managed to win several awards in America and is well known as an acclaimed dance troupe internationally. In conclusion, this dance group ensures that they deliver their work to satisfactory. They have extraordinary dancers who showcase their extraordinary skills to satisfactory. This is group is a true testament of the fact that hard work

The Recycling Industry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

The Recycling Industry - Essay Example As the report stresses cities and towns in the United States of America. have been facing the dilemma of rising municipal solid waste (MSW) generation and declining capacity of aging landfills. In response, public officials have begun to implement new policies aimed at encouraging source reduction and waste diversion through increased recycling activity. Because the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act gives states the responsibility for nonhazardous waste management, these efforts have not been symmetric across the nation. Nonetheless, certain trends have become apparent, including the increased use of curbside services and the adoption of unit pricing schemes such as payment for recyclable waste, in order to meet local objectives. According to the paper findings Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) disposal and recycling demand is based on a systems approach. The parameter estimates and associated demand elasticities have a practical application for state and local public officials who are undertaking the design and implementation of MSW management programs and policies. The benefits of MSW policy reforms as well as the expected benefits of policy to various constituencies are clear. Unit pricing or variable rate pricing due to its market orientation is now an important focus of economic research. The system of unit pricing is simple: each unit of waste disposal has an explicit price, so that the total fee paid for MSW services increases with the quantity of waste discards. "Hence, the unit price acts as a disincentive to dispose excess waste and, in theory can be adjusted to achieve state or local disposal targets" (Callan & Thomas, 2006: 221). This is supported by Ackerman (1996) who adds that once unit pricing is es tablished, the price elasticity of waste generation may be as little as - 0.12. This means that an 8% price increase caused only 1% drop in garbage disposal. When such a pricing scheme is lacking, the municipalities normally charge a flat fee for disposal services which is unrelated to the amount of waste generated. This eventually means that the household has no economic incentive to lower generation of waste or to divert it through recycling. This problem is increased if the flat fee is collected through property taxes, thus hidden from residents. Since this flat fee approach ignores the true marginal costs of providing MSW services, it results in an inefficient solution with too many resources allocated to municipality solid waste disposal, with greater stress on landfill capacity as the outcome.

Discussing the challenges faced by financial institutions in managing risk

Discussing the challenges faced by financial institutions in managing risk When discussing the challenges faced by financial institutions in managing risk, it is important to have a consistent definition of the term risk. Risk can be defined as the volatility of a corporations market value. Risk management involves the protection of a firms assets and profits. Moreover, not only does it provide profitability but also other advantages like being in line with obedience function toward the rule, increasing the firms reputation and opportunity to attract more customers in building their portfolio of fund resources. Cebenoyan and Strahan (2004) suggest that the benefits of advances in risk management in banking may be greater credit availability, rather than reduced risk in the banking system (p.19). This means that banks will have a greater opportunity to increase their productive assets and profit. Only those banks that have efficient risk management system will survive in the market in the long run. They can follow a four-step routine to reduce their risk exp osures and achieve their risk management objectives, as shown below. Figure 1 steps for implementing risk management To properly manage risks, the bank must firstly identify and classify the sources from which risk may arise at both transaction and portfolio levels. Risks inherent in lending activities include market risk, liquidity risk, credit risk and operational risk. Market risk is the risk arising from adverse movements in the level or volatility of market prices of equities, interest rate instruments, currencies and commodities. Banks are always facing the risk of losses in on and off-balance-sheet positions arising from undesirable market movements. The fundamental role of banks in transforming of short-term deposits into long-term loans makes them inherently vulnerable to liquidity risk. The FSA has defined liquidity risk as: The risk that a firm, though solvent, either does not have sufficient financial resources available to enable it to meet its obligations as they fall due, or can secure them only at an excessive cost. Another risk that banks face is credit risk. It is the risk that can be incurred if the counterparty fails to meet its obligations in a timely manner. Loans are the most palpable source of credit risk in many of the banking systems; however, other sources of this risk originate through other activities of banks such as acceptances, trade financing, interbank transactions, financial futures, foreign exchange transactions, swaps, equities, options, bonds, and in the extension of commitments and guarantees, and the settlement of transactions. Operational risk, as its name suggests, is a risk arising from execution of a companys business functions. The Basel Committee has defined operational risk as: the risk of losses resulting from inadequate or failed internal processes, people and systems, or external events, such as the failure of computer systems or error and fraud on the part of staff. Apart from those risks mentioned above, the Federal Reserve System has recognised two other risks: legal risk and reputational risk. Legal risk is the risk of loss caused by sanctions or penalties originating from court disputes due to breach of contract and legal obligation. Another legal risk relates to regulatory risk, i.e., the risk of loss resulting from sanctions and penalties pronounced by a regulatory body. Reputational risk may be defined as the risk of loss caused by a negative impact on the market positioning of the bank. It can be seen as the blowing up of an initial loss, arising from credit, market, liquidity or operational risks. However, banks hardly pay attention to these categories of risks. Once identified, the risks should be evaluated to determine their impact on the companys profitability and capital. This entails measuring them by using various techniques ranging from simple to sophisticated ones. For example, market risk can be measured by using Value at Risk. This stage also calls for estimating three dimensions of each exposure: the potential frequency of losses that exposures have produced or may produce, the potential impact on the organisation if a loss should occur and the potential variation in losses that will occur during the exposure period. Accurate and timely measurement of risk is necessary because with these types of data the risk manager can determine which exposes are most serious and which deserve the most immediate attention. After measuring risk, bank managers should establish and communicate risk limits through policies, standards, and procedures that define responsibility and authority. In other words, these limits should serve as a means to control the risks associated with the banking institutions activities. There is a variety of mitigating tools that banks may employ to minimise the loss exposures. These tools may be diversification, securitization and even derivative such as withdrawal option, Bermudan-style return put option, return swap, return swaption and liquidity option. The final step involves appraising the operation of the program regularly to be sure that it is achieving planned results. It helps the managers to evaluate the wisdom of their decision-making. To efficiently monitor risk, all material risk exposures should be identified and measured again. To facilitate this procedure, banks should put in place an effective management information system (MIS) that will provide directors and senior managers with timely reports on the operating performance, financial condition and risk exposure of the firm. If corrective action is indicated at this stage, the first three steps should be repeated. 2.1 Corporate Governance in the banking sector Corporate governance is a term that is now universally invoked wherever business and finance are discussed. Its purpose is to coordinate a conflict of interest among all parties relationship within the company and to develop a system that can reduce or eliminate the agency problems arising from the separation of ownership and control (OECD, 1997). Agency problem occurs when the agents of an organization (e.g. management) use their power to satisfy their own interests rather than those of the principals (e.g. shareholders). It may also refer to simple disagreement between agents and principals. For example, the board of directors may disagree with shareholders on how to best invest the companys assets, especially when it wishes to invest in securities that would favour their interests. Not merely does the term corporate governance carries different interpretations, its analysis also involves diverse disciplines and approaches. One of the most quoted definitions of corporate governance is the one given by Shleifer and Vishny (1997): corporate governance deals with the ways in which suppliers of finance to corporations assures themselves of getting a return on their investment. The Cadbury Report, however, defined corporate governance as the system by which companies are directed and controlled (para 2.5). Additionally, it recognised that a system of good governance allows the board of directors to be free to drive their companies forward, but exercise that freedom within a framework of effective accountability (para 1.1). The Hampel Report, whilst accepting the Cadbury definition of corporate governance, also noted that the single overriding objective of companies is the preservation and the greatest practical enhancement over time of their shareholders investment ( para 1.16). In a similar vein, Charkham (1994) identified two basic principles of corporate governance: That management must be able to drive the enterprise forward free from undue constraint caused by government interference, fear of litigation, or fear of displacement. That this freedom- to use managerial power or patronage- must be exercised with a framework of effective accountability. Nominal accountability is not enough. In the banking sector, however, corporate governance differs greatly with other economic sectors in terms of broader extent of claimants the banks assets and funds. In manufacturing corporations, the issue is to maximise the shareholders value but in banking, the risk involved for depositors assumes greater importance due to the fact that almost every bit of banks investment are financed by the depositors funds. If it goes bankrupt, it will be depositors savings that the bank will lose. Indeed, Macey and OHara (2001) states that a broader view of corporate governance should be adopted in the case of banking institutions, arguing that because of the peculiar contractual form of banking, corporate governance mechanisms for banks should encapsulate depositors as well as shareholders. Arun and Turner (2003) also support this argument. Further, the involvement of government in banking is discernibly higher compared to other economic sectors due to the larger interests of the public (Capri o and Levine, 2002; Levine, 2004). Rational depositors require some form of guarantee before depositing their wealth in banks. Yet, it is relatively difficult for banks to provide these guarantees to them because communicating the value of a banks loan portfolio is quite impossible and very costly to reveal. As a consequence of this asymmetric information problem, bank managers can have an incentive to invest in riskier assets than they promised they would ex ante. To assure depositors that they will not expropriate them, banks could make investments in brand-name or reputational capital (Klein, 1974; Gorton 1994; Demetz et al 1996; Bhattacharya et al 1998), but these schemes give depositors little confidence, especially when contracts have a finite nature and discount rates are sufficiently high (Hickson and Turner, 2003). The opaqueness of banks also makes it very costly for depositors to constrain managerial discretion through debt covenants (Capiro and Levine, 2002, p.2). As such, government interventions provide the lacking assurance to economic agents in the form of deposit insurance. Nevertheless, although the government provides deposit insurance, bank managers still have an incentive to opportunistically increase their risk-taking, but now it is mainly at the governments expense. Apart from supporting the argument that a broader approach to corporate governance should be adapted to banking institutions, Arun and Turner (2003) also argue that government intervention do restrain the behaviour of bank management. The Bank for International Settlements has defined the governance in banks as the methods and approaches used to manage banks through the board of directors and senior management which determine how to put the banks objectives, operation and protect the interests of shareholders and stakeholders with a commitment to act in accordance with existing laws and regulations and to achieve the protection of the interests of depositors. The Table 1 below shows the general principles concerning corporate governance issued by the Basel Committee specifically for bank boards and senior management. Principle 1 Board members should be qualified for their positions, have a clear understanding of their role in corporate governance and be able to exercise sound judgment about the affairs of the bank. Principle 2 The board of directors should approve and oversee the banks strategic objectives and corporate values that are communicated throughout the banking organisation. Principle 3 The board of directors should set and enforce clear lines of responsibility and accountability throughout the organisation. Principle 4 The board should ensure that there is appropriate oversight by senior management consistent with board policy. Principle 5 The board and senior management should effectively utilise the work conducted by the internal audit function, external auditors, and internal control functions. Principle 6 The board should ensure that compensation policies and practices are consistent with the banks corporate culture, long-term objectives and strategy, and control environment. Principle 7 The bank should be governed in a transparent manner. Principle 8 The board and senior management should understand the banks operational structure, including where the bank operates in jurisdictions, or through structures, that impede transparency (i.e. know-your-structure). Table 1- Principles of corporate governance for bank boards and senior management 2.2 Corporate Governance Mechanism According to agency theory, the corporate governance mechanisms reduce the agency problem between investors and management (Jensen and Meckling, 1976; Gillan, 2006). Traditionally, governance mechanisms can be classified as internal and external. Llewellyn and Sinha, (2000) states that internal corporate governance is about mechanism for the accountability, monitoring, and control of a firms management with respect to the use of resources and risk taking. The main internal monitoring mechanisms are the board of directors, the ownership structure of the firm and the internal control system (Gillan, 2006). Whereas, external corporate governance controls encompass the controls external stakeholders exercise over the organisation and its primary external mechanisms are the takeover market and the legal/regulatory system. However for the purpose of this paper, we will mainly focus on some internal corporate governance mechanism such as the board of directors, more precisely on its independence and financial knowledge. Corporate governance best practices have also stressed in particular the key role played by the audit committee in reviewing a firms internal control system. Internal control systems contribute to the protection of investors interests by providing reasonable assurance on the reliability of financial reporting, the effectiveness of operations and the compliance with laws and regulations (COSO, 1994; 2004). As such, we will also draw some attention on the importance of an audit committee. 2.3 The boards independence The popular media as well as corporate governance experts have characterised boards largely as rubber stamps for management. They are the link between the shareholders of the firm and the managers entrusted with undertaking the day-to-day operations of the organisation (Monks and Minow, 1995; Forbes and Milliken, 1999). As stated in principle 4 above, bank boards should properly supervise the work of managers. Which type of directors performs better this duty than independent director? In fact, such directors can bring additional experience as well as clarity of thought to deliberations independent of views of management. Moreover, since their careers are not tied to the firms CEO, outside directors are believed to be more powerful in keeping efficiently the firms top management (Fama, 1980; Fama and Jensen, 1983), and so could be associated with better performance. Some papers do support this theory. Baysinger and Butler (1985), being among the first studies, find that the relative independence of boards has a positive effect on the firms average return on equity by comparing 266 major US businesses over a ten-years period. Kesner (1987); Weisbach (1988); Rosenstein and Wyatt (1990); Peace and Zahra (1992); Ezzamel and Watson (1993); MacAvoy and Millstein (1999); Brown and Caylor (2004) and Ho (2005) also show that shareholder returns are enhanced by having a greater proportion of outside directors on the board. Research by Brickley, Coles, and Terry (1994) shows significantly higher returns to firms announcing poison pills(rights issued to shareholders that are worthless unless triggered by a hostile acquisition attempt) when outside directors dominate the board. Other studies supporting the benefit of the boards independence are Dechow and Sloan (1996); Beasely (1996) and Klein (2002) who state that as outside membership on the board increase s the likelihood of financial statement fraud decreases. There is also Black et al. (2006) who reports that firms with 50% outside directors have approximately 40% higher share price by studying 515 Korean firms. And more recently, Staikouras C. K., Staikouras P. K. and Agoraki M. K. (2006) find that the percentage of independent directors is positively related with performance measured by Tobins Q on a sample of European banks. On the other hand, others find no convincing evidence that the level of outside directors on the board do add value to corporate performance. For instance, Fosberg (1989) finds that firms whose board is composed of a majority of outside directors do not have a higher performance as measured by the firms ROE or sales. Similarly, Hermalin and Weisbach (1991) find that non-executive directors have no impact on corporate performance in their sample of 142 NYSE firms. Pearce (1983) also find no relationship, as too Changanti et al. (1985) in their study of board composition and bankruptcy. The lack of relation between these two components has also been confirmed by Klein (1998), Bhagat and Black (2002) and Hayes, Mehran and Scott (2004). Other scholars refuting the effectiveness of outside directors on the board are Subrahmanyam et al. (1997) and Harford (2000) for the acquisition transactions, Core et al. (1999) for CEO compensation and Agrawal and Chadha (2005) for earnings restatements . It is normally the board of directors which overviews and approves the risk management policies. But, few papers have tried to link its independence to the firms risk management practices and hedging. By analysing a sample of bank holding companies, Whidbee and Wohar (1999) find that the likelihood of using derivatives seem to increase with the presence of external directors on the board but only when insiders hold a large proportion of the firms shares. Borokhovich et al. (2004) demonstrate that firms most active in hedging risk, especially when making use of interest rate derivatives usage, are those whose boards are dominated by external directors. Conversely, Dionne and Triki (2004); Mardsen and Prevost (2005) point out that outside directors has no impact on the firms risk management policy. Given the mixed empirical findings, it is quite difficult to assert whether the board independence contribute to corporate performance and the effectiveness of risk management. Although Fields and Keys (2003) assert that there is overwhelming support for independent directors providing superior monitoring and advisory functions to the firm, a unique and clear sign concerning the effect of the boards independence on any decision including the risk management one could not be predicted. 2.4 The financial knowledge of the board To adequately perform their supervision role, the board of directors must have financial knowledge (which relate to principle 1). Indeed, when board members are generalists and lack the technical financial knowledge to understand the complicated reports presented to them, they could vote for motions that increase the risks facing of the firm to a large extent. The company may collapse in this way and therefore hinder the shareholders interest. Because of the banks dominant position in the economy; they should possess some financial expertise directors on its board so as to make better decisions that will not lead the firm to go bankrupt. However, given its importance, the research on the value of the boards financial knowledge is quite scarce. At times, reports recognising the benefits of the boards independence also recommend financial literacy/expertise for directors in monitoring the firms performance. In fact, Booth and Deli (1999) and Guner, Malmendier and Tate (2004) suggest that commercial bankers on boards provide the financial skill needed to enable the business to contract more debt. Thus, this states that financial directors do add value to the firm. There is also Rosenstein and Wyatt (1990) who provide evidence that positive abnormal returns associated with the addition of an outsider to the board are higher when the latter is an officer of a financial firm. Later on, Lee, Rosenstein and Wyatt (1999) do come to the same conclusion. However, they were unable to make any statistically difference among the reaction of the three categories of financial directors they consider: commercial bankers, insurance company officers and investment bankers. Moreover, Agrawal and Chadha (2005) discover that the probability of earnings restatement is lower in firms whose boards have accounting or financially knowledgeable independent directors. To the best of our knowledge, researches on the boards financial knowledge have only been related with the firms performance and not specifically on its impact on risk management practices. As mentioned earlier in this study, the board of directors is usually responsible for the firms risk management policies. In other words, risk management is at the core of any board members charter. Financially knowledgeable directors will obviously make better decisions on risk management practices since they will have the technical background to understand the sophisticated financial tools involved in the risk management transactions. As such, firms whose boards are composed of financially knowledgeable directors engage more actively in risk management. 2.5 The audit committee The audit committee is intended to provide a link between the board and the auditor independent of the companys management, which is responsible for the accounting system (IOD, 1995). The chief objectives of an audit committee are to improve the quality of financial reporting, to reduce the potential authority for the non-executive director, to improve the channel of communication with the external auditor and, perhaps most importantly, to review the adequacy of the companys financial control systems. Tricker (1984) defines audit committee as being an important vehicle for ensuring the supervision and accountability at board level. As such, audit committees are very important in banking to safeguard the shareholders interest as well as the public trust. Just as for the board of directors, independence is also considered important for audit committees because outside directors can exercise their voice and be seen to make a valuable contribution since they are free of any influence arising from the firms CEO. Thus, the reported empirical evidence supports this argument. Klein (2002) shows that independent audit committees reduce the likelihood of earnings management, thus improving transparency. In addition, Abbott, Park and Parker (2002) argue that firms with audit committees comprising entirely of independent directors are less likely to have fraudulent or misleading reporting. Ho (2005) states that there is a strong positive link between independent audit committee and corporate competitiveness and also with return on equity after analyzing the international companies from 1997to 1999. Brown and Caylor (2004) do provide evidence that audit committees comprising of independent directors are positively related to dividend but not to operating performance. On the other hand, some authors find a negative relationship or simply no relation at all between independent audit committee and the firms performance. Hayes, Mehran and Scott (2004) prove that the firms performance measured by the market to book ratio is not affected by the proportion of outside directors sitting on the audit committee. Agrawal and Chadha (2005) do come to the same conclusion by indicating that independent audit committee members are unrelated to earnings restatement. There are also Beasley (1996) who finds no apparent correlation between audit committees and financial statement fraud, and Klein (1998) who reports no relation between share prices and the audit committees composition. Yet, Carcello and Neal (2000) report a negative relationship between the probability of receiving a going-concern report and the proportion of outsiders on the audit committee. According to BÃ ©dard et al. (2004), each member of the audit committee should possess a certain level of financial competency. Moreover, corporate governance literatures argue that there should be at least one member of the audit committee with accounting background. Audit committees with such characteristics are expected to provide effective monitoring as they possess the skills needed to understand what is going on in the organisation. Agrawal and Chadha (2005) show that firms whose audit committees have an outside director with accounting background or financial knowledge are less likely to report earnings restatement while Abbott, Parker and Peters (2002) discover that the absence of a financially competent director on the audit committee is highly associated with an increased in financial misstatement and financial fraud. Xie, Davidson, and DaDalt (2003) find that the presence of investment bankers on the audit committee decreases discretionary accruals in a firm. Defond, Hann and Hu (2004) and Davidson et al. (2004) show that the market has a positive reaction following the appointment of directors with accounting /auditing experience on audit committees board. The audit committees are also responsible for evaluating the risk exposures and the measures taken to monitor and control these exposures. To our knowledge no paper has tried to link audit committees composition with risk management practices. Because of the mixed and conflicting argument on independence, it is difficult to attest whether audit committees independence encourage more corporate hedging. Risk evaluation and risk management tools are quite difficult to use. Understanding them requires a good grasp of mathematics and statistics. Therefore, we expect firms whose audit committees members are qualified as financial expert to engage more actively in risk management practices. Furthermore, The Cadbury Report has insisted that all listed companies should have an audit committee comprising of at least three members. This is to encourage firms to devote significant director resources to their audit committees so that audit committees monitor the firms management more efficiently. However, several studies support the idea that large boards can be dysfunctional. Larger audit committees may be plagued with free rider, communication problem and monitoring problems. Therefore, as long as the increase in the audit committees size does not pose these types of problems, firms complying with this requirement are expected to report a higher hedging ratio. Often, corporations, especially financial ones, create another committee named risk monitoring committees. These types of committee are often responsible of the risk monitoring of the firm. However, this does not imply that audit committees are no longer responsible for evaluating and managing risks. They must still discuss and evaluate risk management processes. In other words, audit committees are there to review risk management processes proposed by the risk monitoring committees. As such, same characteristics as audit committees should be applied to these types of committees to fulfil their duties well.

Language skill is essential tool in the job market Essay

Language skill is essential tool in the job market. Being able to speak a prefect english language is a skill that a person have over other graduates and being able to boost up the chances of getting the job. English language proficiency works as a determination of people’s opportunity to get a job. Hence it can be concluded that a persons ability and perseverance of a language plays an important and vital role in future employment. A person must have the ability to convey their ideas with a good english and to achieve it a daily practice of the language will give a better result. A better understanding of the language will secure a place for a better job. The characters in both articles teaches that we can improved the language skill if we try to our best. If we got enough self-motivation, it is possible brush up our language skills in our spare time. There are plenty ways to practice and improve the english language skill and one of it is through learning new words from dict ionary. Other than that, Amy tan in her article â€Å"Mother Tongue† celebrates the fact that she did not follow the expectations that people had of her because her maths are better than her english and of her struggle with writing and language. Its shows that self-determination contributes to the success. I agree with you that it is essential that we properly understand the role that English plays and will play in our daily life. For many jobs, communication skills in English are in increasing demand. English is becoming a basic requirement for a job. Importance of the English language in the workplace continues to be a top concern among employers. A person who are more competent, fluent and impressive in speaking in English than other graduates have better opportunities in the job market. Every employee faces interview before getting a job. If that person is not suitable for the respective job in terms of English language, the chances of getting the job will be low.Hence, a good english language skill is important to secure a better job. The characters of both articles also says that we can learn and improve English language if we have a self-motivation and improve our daily communication. We can started with a simple English and improve it day by day .

Psychological Perspectives On Studying Juvenile...

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